Abdominal Aortic Aneurysm (AAA) is an abnormal focal dilation of the abdominal aorta, which, depending on its size and symptoms, can be a potentially fatal condition requiring monitoring or treatment. AAAs may be discovered incidentally or at the point of rupture. It is defined as a localized permanent dilation of the vessel by at least 1.5 times compared to a nearby normal diameter of the artery.
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Symptoms
AAA often remains asymptomatic until it ruptures, but some individuals may experience:
– A pulsating sensation near the navel
– Persistent deep abdominal pain on either side of the abdomen
– Back pain
– Sudden abdominal discomfort radiating to the legs, pelvis, or buttocks
– Warm or clammy skin
– Increased heart rate
– Shock or unconsciousness
Types of Abdominal Aortic Aneurysms
AAAs are typically categorized based on size and growth rate, which help predict their impact on health:
– Small AAAs (less than 5.5 cm) or slow-growing ones have a lower rupture risk and are often monitored via abdominal ultrasonography rather than treated immediately.
– Large AAAs (greater than 5.5 cm) or fast-growing ones pose a higher rupture risk. Prompt treatment is necessary if they bleed or exhibit symptoms.
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Diagnosis of Abdominal Aortic Aneurysm (AAA)
Diagnosis usually involves physical examination and imaging studies such as:
– Abdominal Ultrasonography
– Abdominal CT Scan
– Abdominal MRI
Risk Factors for Abdominal Aortic Aneurysm (AAA)
People are more susceptible to AAAs if they:
– Are male, obese, or over 60 years old with a family history of aneurysms or heart conditions
– Have high cholesterol, atherosclerosis, or fatty deposits in blood vessels
– Lead a sedentary lifestyle
– Have high blood pressure, especially between ages 35 and 60
– Have experienced abdominal trauma or other abdominal issues
– Smoke tobacco products
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Treatment
The treatment approach for AAA depends on its size and growth rate:
– Monitoring: Small AAAs are often monitored regularly via ultrasonography until they grow or cause symptoms, typically at around 5.5 cm in diameter.
– Surgical Repair: Large or rapidly growing AAAs, which pose a higher rupture risk, may require surgical intervention. Rupture risk is higher in women with large aneurysms compared to men.
Current treatment options for AAA include:
– Open Aneurysm Repair: Involves a wide abdominal incision to place a graft cylinder (made of polyester fabric or polytetrafluoroethylene) to replace the weakened section of the aorta.
– Endovascular Aneurysm Repair (EVAR): A less invasive procedure where a stent graft is placed via a small groin incision into the femoral artery, under X-ray guidance. EVAR is suitable for infrarenal (below the kidneys) AAAs and may offer reduced risk for high-risk patients, although periodic follow-up is necessary.
– Fenestrated Stent Graft: Approved for treating aneurysms involving the renal arteries, this advanced procedure preserves kidney circulation by customizing the stent graft with precisely sized openings for each patient’s anatomy.
Medical Care in India
India is increasingly recognized for providing advanced medical care at lower costs, including treatment for abdominal aortic aneurysms. Benefits include:
– Access to Modern Medical Technology: Indian hospitals are equipped with state-of-the-art facilities for both open and endovascular AAA repairs.
– Expertise of Cardiovascular Surgeons: India boasts a skilled pool of cardiovascular surgeons proficient in complex procedures like AAA repair, many with international training.
– Cost-effectiveness: Treatment costs in India are significantly lower compared to Western countries, making it accessible for both domestic and international patients seeking high-quality care.
– Medical Tourism: India has emerged as a preferred destination for medical tourism due to its excellent service standards, affordability, and advanced treatment options.
Abdominal Aortic Aneurysm is a potentially life-threatening condition that necessitates timely diagnosis and treatment. With advancements in surgical and medical technologies, treatment outcomes for AAA patients, including those opting for surgical intervention or observation, have markedly improved. India’s healthcare system offers promising options, particularly for individuals seeking affordable, top-notch AAA therapy tailored to their needs.
